Abstract: These two courses form a sequence that covers basic aerosol mechanics (particle motion) at an introductory level. Topics include: stokes law, settling velocity, slip correction, aerodynamic diameter, non-spherical particles, acceleration, relaxation time, stopping distance, impaction, isokinetic sampling, diffusion, and coagulation. The course covers theory and applications and is suitable for those new to the field and for others who want to brush up on the basics.

William Hinds is a professor of environmental health sciences at the UCLA School of Public Health. He received a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Cornell University and a doctorate in environmental health from Harvard University.

Abstract: Nucleation, which represents the birth of aerosol particles from gas-phase precursors, is of ubiquitous importance yet remains one of the great unsolved problems of science — unsolved, in that it is still not possible, with reasonable quantitative accuracy, to predict nucleation rates for most substances, even in the simplest scenarios. This seminar will present an overview of our understanding of nucleation from the gas phase. Various contexts will be considered, ranging from self-nucleation via condensation of a supersaturated vapor, to ioninduced nucleation, to nucleation of chemically bound clusters in reacting gases and plasmas.

Professor Steven L. Girshick has been on the faculty at the University of Minnesota since 1985. He received his SB degree in humanities and science at MIT and his MS and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at Stanford University. He served as president of the International Plasma Chemistry Society from 2000-2003, and was recently appointed editor of Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, effective 2006.

Abstract: The World Health Organization estimates that exposure to air pollution particles results in 500,000 premature deaths each year. These numbers are primarily based on epidemiology studies that report associations between daily fluctuations in PM levels and mortality from cardiopulmonary causes. However, when these studies were published very little was known about which PM components might be responsible for the adverse health effects or whether PM emitted from different sources had different toxicity. There was almost no information about the biological mechanisms that could explain why a person could die within hours after inhaling very low levels of PM. Nor was it well understood which people might be particularly at risk. This course will present the latest research, which addresses these three topics. It is suitable for those seeking a primer on health effects associated with exposure to PM.

Robert Devlin is chief of the Clinical Research Branch in the Human Studies Division, U.S. EPA. He received his PhD at the University of Virginia and was a faculty member at Emory University before joining the EPA. He has studied the health effects of air pollution in humans for 20 years.

Abstract: Secondary aerosol is an important component of atmospheric fine particles that generally consists of organics, sulfates, and nitrates. The processes that lead to the formation of this material are often complex, and can involve gas and particle phase chemistry, nucleation, and gas-particle partitioning. This course will cover the major chemical reactions and partitioning processes involved in the formation of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol (with a strong emphasis on organic aerosol) using examples from laboratory and field studies.

Paul Ziemann is an associate professor of atmospheric chemistry at the University of California, Riverside. He received a doctorate in chemistry from Penn State University and was a postdoctoral researcher in the Particle Technology Laboratory at the University of Minnesota.

Abstract: These two courses form a sequence that covers basic aerosol mechanics (particle motion) at an introductory level. Topics include: stokes law, settling velocity, slip correction, aerodynamic diameter, non-spherical particles, acceleration, relaxation time, stopping distance, impaction, isokinetic sampling, diffusion, and coagulation. The course covers theory and applications and is suitable for those new to the field and for others who want to brush up on the basics.

William Hinds is a professor of environmental health sciences at the UCLA School of Public Health. He received a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Cornell University and a doctorate in environmental health from Harvard University.

Abstract: Atmospheric aerosol particles serve as nuclei for cloud droplet and ice particle formation, affecting the number concentration of cloud particles and thereby influencing cloud reflectance and absorption as well as precipitation formation. The magnitude of the effect of aerosols on clouds depends on their chemical properties as well as their size distribution. The influences of anthropogenic aerosols through cloud processes on the Earth’s radiation budget may be substantial, but the radiative forcing of climate change by anthropogenic aerosols is considered the most uncertain component of the forced climate change over time since 1750. This tutorial presents an overview of these phenomena and identifies the aerosol properties that must be known to quantify their influences on clouds.

Professor Joyce E. Penner is a professor of atmospheric, oceanic, and space sciences at the University of Michigan. Her research has focused on the effects of aerosols on climate, using large-scale models to quantify these effects. She was a coordinating lead author for the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects. She received her PhD in applied mathematics from Harvard University.

Abstract: In the last decade, significant advances have been made in the area of pharmaceutical aerosols for drug delivery. For instance, the development of systemic drug delivery with inhalable insulin shows great promise. This course provides an overview of the technology behind the emerging new class of therapeutics that makes such advances possible. It introduces concepts of delivery, deposition, and the requirements that aerosols need to fulfill to meet product targets. The tutorial covers various approaches to formulation, manufacture, and dispersion of pharmaceutical aerosols across the industry. Special emphasis is put on the improvements in dispersibility and physical stability that were achieved via implementation of particle engineering methods in the drug development process.

Dr.-Ing. Reinhard Vehring is a staff scientist at Nektar Therapeutics. He is responsible for early product design and development of therapeutics for pulmonary drug delivery. He received a diploma in mechanical engineering from the Gerhard Mercator University in Duisburg and a doctorate from the University of Bochum, Germany. He has been active in aerosol research for more than 14 years.

Abstract: Data quality objectives are inherently linked to the intended use of the data (e.g., compliance monitoring, health studies, source apportionment studies) and these objectives guide the measurement strategy. This course will provide an overview of measurement methods to characterize the mass concentration and chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter within the context of data quality objectives. Substrate and semicontinuous methods will be discussed with emphasis on commercially-available instruments and analytical services to characterize PM2.5 mass and its major chemical components (sulfate, nitrate, carbon). Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods will be highlighted. This course is suitable for those seeking a primer on PM2.5 measurement strategies and hardware.

Jay Turner is an associate professor at Washington University in St. Louis. His research interests include measurement methods and field studies to characterize ambient particulate matter and air toxics. He is the principal investigator for the St. Louis – Midwest Supersite. Turner received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemical engineering from UCLA and a doctorate in chemical engineering from Washington University in St. Louis.

Abstract: This course will cover the basics of source-oriented aerosol modeling where particles from different sources are tracked separately through an atmospheric simulation. Topics include: review of aerosol representation in models, motivation for externally mixed models, size and composition profiles for different sources, aerosol transformation processes, validation of externally mixed aerosol predictions, applications of externally mixed aerosol predictions, and handling the increased computational burden via parallel processing. The course will cover fundamental theory and provide examples of applications where possible. Some aspects of this field are still active research areas, so the class is suitable for anyone who is interested in the general topic.

Michael Kleeman is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at University of California, Davis. He received a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Waterloo, and a PhD in environmental engineering science from the California Institute of Technology.

Abstract: Aerosol nanoparticle measurements are needed both to support developing nanotechnologies and to facilitate quantification of the health consequences of such particles. Nanoparticles pose a number of measurement challenges that have stimulated a number of recent developments. This tutorial will examine the advances that have extended routine mobility analysis to the low nanometer, and even subnanometer size regimes, improved size resolution well beyond that of traditional differential mobility analyzers, and enabled the fast measurements that are needed to resolve the dynamics of rapidly changing nanoparticle concentrations. Many of these techniques involve redesign of instruments to optimize their performance in the nanoparticle regime, although a number of radical new designs have emerged in recent years. The tutorial will explore ways for rational comparison of the capabilities and limitations of the different methods.

Richard Flagan is the McCollum/Corcoran Professor and executive officer of chemical engineering and professor of at the California Institute of Technology. He is also editor-in-chief of Aerosol Science and Technology. His research spans a wide range of aerosol science, ranging from its application to the development of aerosol nanoparticle-based microelectronic devices to atmospheric aerosols. He has developed numerous aerosol instruments that have been used to probe aerosol nanoparticles including transonic low pressure impactors, the radial differential mobility analyzer, the scanning mobility particle sizer, fast response condensation particle counters, and the opposed migration aerosol classifier.

Abstract: Particles of biological origin comprise variable fractions of particulate matter in the ambient and indoor environments. Measurement of baseline concentrations is fundamental in aerobiological investigations to evaluate the effects of bioaerosols on humans, other animals, plants, and the environment. The challenges faced in representative measurement of biological agents will be discussed with examples from studies of their roles in the development of the immune system and allergic diseases, recognition of microbial contamination in buildings, ambient monitoring of pollen and spores with impacts on human health and agriculture, and determination of the infectious doses of respiratory pathogens.

Janet Macher is a researcher with the Division of Occupational and Environmental Disease Control where she evaluates methods to collect and identify airborne biological material, studies engineering measures to control airborne infectious and hypersensitivity diseases, and participates in investigations of bioaerosolrelated illnesses. Dr. Macher has a master’s degree from the University of California and doctorate from Harvard University with emphasis on environmental health, public health, and microbiology.

Abstract: Sunlight, directly and indirectly, drives most of the chemistry in the atmosphere. While photochemistry in the gas phase has been studied for decades, the photochemistry of atmospheric condensed phases is a relatively new field. This tutorial will give an overview of the rich variety of photochemical processes that are known to occur in atmospheric particles, liquid fog and cloud drops, and frozen ice particles and snow. We will begin by discussing the fundamentals of photochemistry in condensed phases and the photochemical reactions of specific compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, iron, and several organic compounds. In the second half, we will examine the formation of oxidants, and simultaneous transformations of reduced nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur compounds, in illuminated tropospheric particles and aqueous drops.

Dr. Anastasio received his bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Brown University and his doctorate in environmental chemistry from Duke University. In 1995-1996, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry at York University in Toronto. He has been at the University of California at Davis since 1996. His research focuses on the chemistry and photochemistry of fog and cloud drops, atmospheric particles, snow, and ice.

Abstract: Over the past decade, two advanced factor analysis models, Unmix and Postive Matrix Factorization (PMF) have been developed and applied to air quality data. PMF has been more widely used and has a number of attractive features. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will be releasing a version of PMF in the summer of 2005 that can be freely downloaded and used. It will have a more user-friendly interface and a better error estimations scheme. At the same time, version 3 of Unmix will be released. This tutorial will begin with a general introduction to receptor modeling. It will lift the lid on these black boxes and provide an introduction to how they work and how they can be utilized to analyze particulate composition data for source identification and apportionment. It will also introduce auxiliary analyses such as conditional probability function analysis that can be used to help identify the likely sources contributing to the particle samples.

Dr. Philip K. Hopke is the Bayard D. Clarkson Distinguished Professor at Clarkson University and the director of the Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science. He has served as a member of the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) and is the outgoing chair of the CASAC. He also chairs the CASAC Ambient Air Monitoring and Methods (AAMM) Subcommittee. In addition, he serves as a Science Advisory Board (SAB) member. Professor Hopke is the immediate past-president of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), and was a member of the National Research Council’s Congressionally-mandated Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter and the Committee on Air Quality Management in the United States. Professor Hopke received his BS in chemistry from Trinity College (Hartford) and his MA and PhD degrees in chemistry from Princeton University. After a post-doctoral appointment at M.I.T., he spent four years as an assistant professor at the State University College at Fredonia, NY. Dr. Hopke then joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and subsequently came to Clarkson in 1989 as the Robert A. Plane Professor with a principal appointment in the department of chemistry. He has served as dean of the Graduate School, chair of the Department of Chemistry, and head of the Division of Chemical and Physical Sciences before he moved his principal appointment to the Department of Chemical Engineering in 2000. In 2002, he became the Bayard D. Clarkson Distinguished Professor and director of the Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science. He has published over 310 peer-reviewed journal articles, written one book and edited five others and has been developing and applying receptor models for more than 30 years.

Abstract: This tutorial will describe simple and intuitive approaches for understanding and applying light scattering to aerosol and colloidal systems. Particulate systems will include spheres, aggregates, and nonspherical particles. With this foundation, there will be discussion regarding experimental methods for scattering and some instruments available in the marketplace. This tutorial will also cover light scattering problems relevant to current aerosol science.

Chris Sorensen is University Distinguished Professor of Physics and Chemistry at Kansas State University where he has won numerous teaching awards. He is also the recipient of the AAAR Sinclair Award. He has presented a tutorial on light scattering at the AAAR annual meeting numerous times in the past and enjoys doing so.

Abstract: Recent global events have heightened public awareness in the need to detect potential biological threats. Consequently, biological aerosol detection in real time has become a civilian urgency whilst for the military, this has been an on-going requirement. Fortunately, much of the experience gained from satisfying the latter can be of benefit to most situations. Biological aerosol lessons learned have been successfully applied to environmental monitoring as well as to biological threat measurements. This overview will summarize work done over the past 20 years, applying cumulative experience that has helped in deriving a biological detection concept. I will describe recent developments towards building a detection system to operate continuously, 24 hours a day and seven days a week with minimal maintenance and few false alarms and without continuous consumption of expensive biochemical reagents. This overview will further discuss practical aspects of measuring biological aerosols where the results must be compared to reference samplers that provide culturable or “live” data.

Dr. Ho received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in microbiology from McGill University and his doctorate in microbial biochemistry from the University of Kentucky in Lexington. He has been at DRDC Suffield since the early 1980s working on biological detection. His detection technology was deployed in the gulf during the Gulf War. In the mid-1990s he developed the optical sensing technology that measures “live” particles in air, the Fluorescence Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (FLAPS). It is now a commercial off the shelf instrument adopted by numerous countries around the world.

Abstract: For over a decade, mass spectrometry has been used to determine the chemical composition of airborne particles in real-time, often with concurrent size selection or measurement. This tutorial will provide an overview of methodology and applications of particle mass spectrometry, emphasizing the complementary aspects of single-particle and bulk composition measurements with these instruments. The entire process will be covered from aerosol sampling, to the acquisition of “raw” data, to the extraction of meaningful information from the data. Applications of this methodology to both ambient aerosol characterization and laboratory aerosol reaction kinetics will be discussed.

Murray Johnston began his academic career as assistant/associate professor of chemistry and fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He subsequently moved to the University of Delaware where he is currently professor of chemistry. His research involves the development of particle mass spectrometers and their application to aerosol reaction kinetics and field measurements. Current instrumentation in his laboratory includes two single particle mass spectrometers for characterizing fine and ultrafine particles, a photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer for characterizing organic components in particles, and a nanoparticle mass spectrometer.